Personalised medicine: not just in our genes

interactions. This list was created by exploring the basic biomedical research literature (272 studies: candidate gene and genome-wide association studies) for " repurposed " or " effect modification " randomised trials—that is, studies that genotyped stored samples of participants in placebo controlled trials of cardiovascular drugs and thus enabled a test of the interaction between genotype and treatment that provides a higher level of evidence than conventional treatment only analyses. Genes with statistically significant results are shown in bold. Genes with " confirmed " pharmacogenetic associations based on our literature review criteria are denoted with an asterisk. As shown below, we identified 20 studies stemming from 13 unique trials; of 11 significant associations based on interaction tests, only one (LDLR pravastatin) met our criteria for " confirmation. " Drug RCT acronym Reference Gene Intended use Result Bucindolol BEST 18953265 EDN1 Efficacy: prevention of heart failure hospitalization or all-cause death 2 EDN1 SNPs (rs2071942 and rs5370) with significant treatment–genotype interactions for the combined outcome of first heart failure hospitalization or all-cause death BEST 19880803 ADRA2A Efficacy: sympatholytic response; all-cause mortality, time to all-cause mortality or cardiac transplantation, and left ventricular ejection fraction change measured at 12 months. Significant interaction test for the Del322-325 polymorphism for sympatholytic response at 3 months. No significant findings for the clinical endpoints BEST 16844790 ADRB1* Efficacy: prevention of heart failure hospitalization or all-cause death Non-significant test for interaction Isosorbide/Hydralazine GRAHF (A-HeFT) 19327620 NOS3 Efficacy: event-free survival and composite score of survival, hospitalization, and quality of life Non-significant tests for interaction for 3 SNPs